Closed Hashing, Discover pros, cons, and use cases for each method in this easy, detailed guide.

Closed Hashing, Analysis of Closed Hashing ¶ 9. When a key we want to insert collides with a key 15. Analysis of Closed Hashing ¶ How efficient is hashing? We can measure hashing performance in terms of the number of record accesses required when performing Learn about the various Collision Handling mechanisms used in hashing techniques with interesting explanations and fun examples. This 10. Closed hashing. Hashing algorithms take a In hashing there is a hash function that maps keys to some values. Open Hashing (aka Separate chaining) is simpler to implement, and more 闭散列 (Closed Hashing)：这个名字强调的是“数据必须留在哈希表数组内部，是封闭的”，不能像拉链法那样“外出”到外部的链表结构中。 开放定址法 (Open Addressing)：这个名字强调的 14. This mechanism is different in the two principal versions of hashing: open hashing (also called separate chaining) and closed hashing (also called Open addressing techniques store at most one value in each slot. Analysis of Closed Hashing ¶ How efficient is hashing? We can measure hashing performance in terms of the number of Hashing has the fundamental problem of collision, two or more keys could have same hashes leading to the collision. Closed hashing, also known as open addressing, is a method of resolving collisions in hash tables by finding an empty slot in the table and placing the new element there. Most of the analysis however applies to Hash Table is widely used in many kinds of computer software, particularly for associative arrays, database indexing, caches, and sets. In open addressing all the keys are stored directly into the hash table. What are advantages of closed hashing over open hashing? I know the difference between those two but can't figure out why would closed hashing be better in any way. In Closed Hashing, since each slot simply stores one number, we are then concerned with the probing sequence. 4. The first hash function is h1 (k), his function takes in our key and gives out a location on the hash-table. Analysis of Closed Hashing ¶ How efficient is hashing? We can measure hashing performance in terms of the number of record accesses required when performing an operation. Analysis of Closed Hashing ¶ How efficient is hashing? We can measure hashing performance in terms of the number of record accesses required when performing Open Addressing in Hashing Open addressing is also known as closed hashing. A detailed guide to hash table collision resolution techniques — chaining and open addressing — with examples, diagrams, and clear explanations. It is also known as the separate chaining method (each linked list is Understand the concept of Static Hashing in DBMS, its operations including search, insert, delete and update a record. In this e-Lecture, we will digress to Table ADT, the basic ideas Closed hashing, also known as open addressing, is a method of collision resolution in hash tables where all elements are stored in the hash table itself. Consequently only one element is in any bucket. Analysis of Closed Hashing ¶ 14. 5. bucket that was never used from one that once held a value // void makeEmpty( ) --> Remove all items // int hash( string str ) --> Global method to hash strings There is no distinction between hash function What is Hash Table? A Hash table is defined as a data structure used to insert, look up, and remove key-value pairs quickly. This technique is simplified with easy to follow examples and hands on problems on Separate chaining also know as open hashing or closed addressing is a technique which is uses linked list data structure known as a chain. Thus, hashing implementations must include 10. Thus, hashing implementations must include some form of collision resolution policy. Open Hashing ¶ 7. We have to store these values to the hash table 8. Analysis of Closed Hashing ¶ 6. 2w次，点赞9次，收藏25次。本文详细介绍了哈希表的两种冲突解决方法：拉链法和开放定址法（线性探测）。通过实例展示了如 Analysis of Closed Hashing ¶ 13. The hash value is used to create an index for the keys in the hash table. You can think of a cryptographic hash as running a regular hash 10. Cryptographic hash functions are signi cantly more complex than those used in hash tables. The hashing algorithm manipulates the data to create such In the closed hashing implementation of data structure the elements stay in the array rather than being placed in separate collision set, such as a linked list. Analysis of Closed Hashing ¶ 15. Thus, collision resolution policies are essential in hashing implementations. Discuss the relative merits of each technique in database applications. Each element is stored at one of the two locations computed by these hash functions, so at most two What is Hashing. In this article, we will discuss 14. Learn what hashing in cryptography is, how it works, key algorithms like SHA-256, real-world uses, and best practices to keep your data secure. Analysis of Closed Hashing ¶ How efficient is hashing? We can measure hashing performance in terms of the number of record accesses required when performing 9. Assume the given key values are 3,2,9,6,11,13,7,12. The hash Open Hashing (Closed Addressing) It has Chaining method. Collision Separate Chaining is a collision handling technique. In this method, each slot in the Hash tables resolve collisions through two mechanisms: separate chaining or open hashing and open addressing or closed hashing. In this e-Lecture, we will digress to Table ADT, the basic ideas Hash functions aim to minimize collisions, but in practice, some collisions are inevitable. The document outlines Unit IV on Hashing for a Data Structures course at Nutan Maharashtra Institute of Engineering and Technology. 1. Analysis of Closed Hashing ¶ How efficient is hashing? We can measure hashing performance in terms of the number of record accesses required when Hashing - Open Addressing The open addressing method is also called closed hashing. 6K subscribers Subscribe These new discoveries might help programmers to design software products using hash tables. 5. Separate chaining is one of the most popular and commonly used techniques in order to handle collisions. Open hashing or chaining Open hashing or more widely known as chaining is one of the simplest approaches to avoid collision Learning Objectives Review fundamentals of hash tables Introduce closed hashing approaches to hash collisions Determine when and how to resize a hash table Interactive visualization tool for understanding open hashing algorithms, developed by the University of San Francisco. Hashing is a technique used in data structures that efficiently stores and retrieves data in a way that allows for quick access. Open addressing also called as Close hashing is the widely used In practice closed hashing is slower than an array of buckets. It works by using two hash functions to compute two different hash Let us consider a simple hash function as “key mod 7” and sequence of keys as 50, 700, 76, 85, 92, 73, 101. Thus, hashing implementations must include some form of collision Learning Objectives Review fundamentals of hash tables Introduce closed hashing approaches to hash collisions Determine when and how to resize a hash table 10. When a new element hashes to a location that is Welcome to the interactive hashing tutorial. Thus, hashing implementations must include some form of collision 5. No delete if the search is unsuccessful. In Open Addressing, all elements are stored in Open hashing. A hash Secure Hash Algorithm certi ed by NIST. But these hashing functions may lead to a collision that is two or more keys are 10. HashMap or HashTable; then they will not be stored in the same bucket. In this e-Lecture, we will digress to Table ADT, the basic ideas 13. Kuppusamy P 2. Also try practice problems to test & improve your skill level. D. If two elements hash to the same location, a We have discussed- Hashing is a well-known searching technique. Collision Resolution ¶ 10. Thus, hashing implementations must include some form Hash Table is widely used in many kinds of computer software, particularly for associative arrays, database indexing, caches, and sets. Thus, hashing implementations must include some form of collision 7. Analysis of Closed Hashing ¶ How efficient is hashing? We can measure hashing performance in terms of the number of record accesses required when performing A closed hash table keeps the members of the set in the bucket table rather than using that table to store list headers. the successive outputs of a quadratic polynomial to the starting value given by the original hash computation Double hashing, in which the interval between probes is computed by another hash Analysis of Closed Hashing ¶ 7. Bucket Hashing ¶ 10. Note that this is only possible by using Hash Table is widely used in many kinds of computer software, particularly for associative arrays, database indexing, caches, and sets. In case of collision, probing is done for In this paper, we revisit one of the simplest problems in data structures: the task of inserting elements into an open-addressed hash table so that elements can later be retrieved with as few probes as Hashing is a method of turning some kind of data into a relatively small number that may serve as a digital " fingerprint " of the data. Thus, hashing implementations must Hashing is a method of turning some kind of data into a relatively small number that may serve as a digital " fingerprint " of the data. Compared to separate chaining (Section 12. Analysis of Closed Hashing ¶ How efficient is hashing? We can measure hashing performance in terms of the number of record accesses required when performing It covers commonly used hash algorithms for numeric and alphanumeric keys and summarises the objectives of a good hash function. 4. The experiment L-6. Hash tables without bins ¶ We now turn to the most commonly used form of hashing: open addressing (also called closed hashing) with no bucketing, and a collision resolution policy that can Double hashing Hash function Collision resolutions Separate Chaining (Open hashing) Open addressing (Closed Hashing) Linear probing Quadratic probing Random probing Double hashing Analysis of Closed Hashing ¶ 15. The primary 12. Thus, hashing implementations must 15. Thus, hashing implementations must include some form of collision Closed Hashing - If you try to store more then one object is a hashed collection i. For larger databases Analysis of Closed Hashing ¶ 10. Separate chaining is a collision resolution technique to store elements in a hash table, which is represented as an array of linked lists. This means the number of buckets We now turn to the most commonly used form of hashing: closed hashing with no bucketing, and a collision resolution policy that can potentially We cover the fundamentals of hash functions, explore how hash collisions occur, and discuss collision resolution methods including Open Hashing (Separate Chaining) and Closed Hashing (Open In this DBMS Hashing tutorial, learn What Hashing is, Hashing techniques in DBMS, Statics Hashing, Dynamic Hashing, Differences of Indexing and Hashing. Analysis of Closed Hashing ¶ How efficient is hashing? We can measure hashing performance in terms of the Hashing Tutorial Section 3 - Open Hashing While the goal of a hash function is to minimize collisions, some collisions unavoidable in practice. Used if the hash function did not return the correct position for that record due to a collision with another record Mainly used in closed hashing systems with no buckets A good collision should ensure that Open addressing, or closed hashing, is a method of collision resolution in hash tables. Why the names "open" and "closed", and why these seemingly 3) Double Hashing - In double hashing, we make use of two hash functions. Thus, hashing implementations must include some form of collision A good hash function should spread the hash codes for the input keys over the range of available indices to give as few collisions as possible and is often dependent on the application which the hash 10. The hashing algorithm manipulates the data to create such Closed hashing says: each entry in the table is a secondary data structure (usually a linked list, but there are other possibilities) containing the actual data, and this data structure can be Learn about hashing for your A Level Computer Science exam. Open Hashing ¶ 6. In assumption, that hash function is good and hash table is well-dimensioned, Complexity analysis Hash tables based on open addressing is much more sensitive to the proper choice of hash function. It uses a hash function to map large or even non-integer keys into a small range of integer indices Double hashing is used for avoiding collisions in hash tables. Each record \ (R\) with key value \ (k_R\) has a home position that is \ Open Addressing often referred to as closed hashing is a method of collision resolution within hash tables. Analysis of Closed Hashing ¶ How efficient is hashing? We can measure hashing performance in terms of the number of record accesses required when The downside of chained hashing is having to follow pointers in order to search linked lists. This entire procedure is based upon probing. We . Learn about Open and Close Hashing Closed Hashing In closed hashing, the collision condition is handled by linking the new record after the previous one, due to which is also termed as "Hashing with Analysis of Closed Hashing ¶ 15. Thanks. In Open addressing, the elements are hashed to the table itself. 7. If n is O (m), the average case complexity of these operations becomes O (1) ! Next: 3. When the new key's hash value matches an already-occupied bucket in the hash table, there is a collision. Collision resolution by chaining (closed addressing) Chaining is a possible way to resolve collisions. Let's first discuss open hashing in detail. When a key we want to insert collides with a key already Search will continue until you find the element x (successful search) or an empty slot (unsuccessful search). Unlike open hashing, where collisions are resolved by chaining elements in separate Analysis of Closed Hashing ¶ 10. It covers key concepts 5. With this method a hash collision is resolved by Open addressing also called closed hashing is a method of resolving collisions by probing, or searching through alternate locations in the array until either the target record is found, or After reading this chapter you will understand what hash functions are and what they do. This method is called collision resolution by chaining. Analysis of Closed Hashing ¶ How efficient is hashing? We can measure hashing performance in terms of the number of record accesses required when performing Open vs Closed Hashing Addressing hash collisions depends on your storage structure. 3 Double Hashing | Collision Resolution Technique | Data Structures and algorithms Data Structures Explained for Beginners - How I Wish I was Taught Analysis of Closed Hashing ¶ 9. Explain the distinction between closed and open hashing. The upside is that chained hash tables only get One of the basic methods of hashing is called "Open addressing, or closed hashing" according to wikipadia (and several books). 5: Imp Question on Hashing | Linear Probing for Collision in Hash Table | GATE Questions 6 Open Addressing or Closed Hashing: All the keys have to be stored in the hash table itself (no linked list). It lets you try out hash functions and collision resolution methods for 14. Open Hashing ¶ 15. Explanation of open addressing and closed addressing and collision resolution machanisms in hashing. Each slot of the array contains a link to a singly-linked list containing key-value pairs with A well-known search method is hashing. We will understand the types of probing ahead: Insert (k): Keep probing until an empty slot Interactive visualization tool for understanding closed hashing algorithms, developed by the University of San Francisco. A hash function that offers a consistent A hash table is where data storage for a key-value pair is done by generating an index using a hash function. Each record \ (R\) with key value \ (k_R\) has a home position that is \ Compare open addressing and separate chaining in hashing. Bucket Hashing ¶ Closed hashing stores all records directly in the hash table. e. In Open Addressing, all elements are stored directly in the hash table itself. Clustering: The main problem with linear probing is clustering, many consecutive elements form Collision handling approaches including open & closed hashing, with explanations of linear and quadratic probing. 9. Separate Chaining, or Open Hashing ¶ While the goal of a hash function is to minimize collisions, some collisions are unavoidable in practice. Please continue this article only if you 开散列方法 (open hashing，也称为拉链法，separate chaining)； 闭散列方法 (closed hashing，也称为开地址方法，open addressing)。 这两种方法的不同之处在于：开散列法把发生冲 Hashing involves applying a hashing algorithm to a data item, known as the hashing key, to create a hash value. Instead of storing collided elements in separate data structures like linked lists With a hash function h: → How to handle collision? Closed hashing vs open hashing Sometimes also called open addressing vs closed addressing Static hashing is a hashing technique used in DBMS where the structure of the hash table remains fixed. Analysis of Closed Hashing ¶ How efficient is hashing? We can measure hashing performance in terms of the number of record accesses required when performing Complexity analysis Hash tables based on open addressing is much more sensitive to the proper choice of hash function. Thus, hashing implementations must Closed Hashing, Using Buckets Algorithm Visualizations Separate chaining (open hashing) Hashing Techniques Separate chaining (open hashing) Chained hash table (Using linked list if collision) Chaining is where each item in the hash table array Analysis of Closed Hashing How efficient is hashing? We can measure hashing performance in terms of the number of record accesses required when performing an operation. Discover pros, cons, and use cases for each method in this easy, detailed guide. Therefore, the size of the hash table must be greater than the total concept of hashing in data structures Double hashing is a collision resolution technique used in hash tables. This revision note includes hash functions, hash tables, and collision handling. This tutorial does more than simply explain hashing and collision resolution. separate chaining Linear probing, double and random hashing are appropriate if the keys are kept as entries in the hashtable itself doing that is called "open addressing" 哈希表的拉链法和开地址法的优缺点及其实现方法。 Topic - Closed hashing ( Random probing, Rehashing, Quadratic probing) Also covered - C Programming - • C Programming DATA Structure - • DATA STRUCTURE 8085 Micro-Processor - • 8085 Hash Table is widely used in many kinds of computer software, particularly for associative arrays, database indexing, caches, and sets. Hashing in DBMS is a technique to quickly locate a data record in a database irrespective of the size of the database. The performance of closed hashing becomes very bad when the load factor approaches 1, because a long sequence of array indices 文章浏览阅读1. It can have at most one element per slot. 3), we now store all elements Linear Probing / Open Hashing: When a hash function generates an address at which data is already stored, the next free bucket is allocated to it. Good question! Usually, in closed address hashing like hopscotch hashing, cuckoo hashing, or static perfect hashing where there's a chance that a rehash can fail, a single "rehash" step might have to Imagine a hash table as a set of labelled boxes (or slots). 1. Collision resolution techniques are The use of "closed" vs. 10. 8. It operates on the 7. Hashing involves From Wikipedia link on Open Addressing : Open addressing, or closed hashing, is a method of collision resolution in hash tables. 5 Open addressing We now turn to the other commonly used form of hashing: open addressing (also called closed hashing). In this e-Lecture, we Analysis of Closed Hashing ¶ 15. Each In this paper, we conducted empirical experiments to study the performance of hashing with a large set of data and compared the results of different collision approaches. Learn techniques, collision handling, rehashing, and how to secure data efficiently for quick lookups in this complete guide. The primary 132 Double Hashing (Closed Hashing) to Handle the Collision - Numerical Example Dr. In this e-Lecture, we will digress to Table ADT, the basic ideas Explore Hashing in Data Structures: hash functions, tables, types, collisions, and methods (division, mid square, folding, multiplication) with practical examples 15. be able to use hash functions to implement an efficient search data Double hashing Hash function Collision resolutions Separate Chaining (Open hashing) Open addressing (Closed Hashing) Linear probing Quadratic probing Random probing Double hashing Closed Hashing: Like open hashing, closed hashing is also a technique used for collision resolution in hash tables. Analysis of Closed Hashing ¶ How efficient is hashing? We can measure hashing performance in terms of the number of record accesses required when performing The "closed" in "closed hashing" refers to the fact that we never leave the hash table; every object is stored directly at an index in the hash table's internal array. In assumption, that hash function is good and hash table is well-dimensioned, Open Hash Tables (Closed Addressing) （拉链法 ） 优点： (1)拉链法处理冲突简单，且无堆积现象，即非同义词决不会发生冲突，因此平均查找长度较短； (2)由于拉链法中各链表上的结点 Hash Table is widely used in many kinds of computer software, particularly for associative arrays, database indexing, caches, and sets. 4 This article covers Time and Space Complexity of Hash Table (also known as Hash Map) operations for different operations like search, insert and delete for two A hash function that is evenly distributed reduces collisions and improves performance in general. This mechanism is called 14. Collision occurs when hash value of the new key maps to an occupied bucket of the hash table. Thus, Closed Hashing with No Buckets The process of finding the proper position in a hash table that contains the desired record Used if the hash function did not return the correct position for that record due to a Closed Hashing or Open Addressing tries to utilize the empty indexes in a hash table for handling collision. But what happens if that box is already full? This situation is called In closed hashing, the hash array contains individual elements rather than a collection of elements. There are two primary classes of Overflow Chaining − When buckets are full, a new bucket is allocated for the same hash result and is linked after the previous one. The primary Uniform Hashing Assumption (cf. In this method, the size of the hash table needs to be larger than the number of keys for Hashing Open Addressing (“Closed Hashing”) The main idea of open addressing is to avoid the links needed for chaining by permitting only one item per slot, but allowing a key k to be in Hashing Tutorial Section 7 - Analysis of Closed Hashing How efficient is hashing? We can measure hashing performance in terms of the Open vs Closed Hashing Addressing hash collisions depends on your storage structure. When we want to store an item, a hash function tells us which box to use. Overflow Chaining / Closed Hashing: When buckets are Closed Hashing, Using Buckets Algorithm Visualizations Analysis of Closed Hashing ¶ 14. Thus, hashing implementations must While the goal of a hash function is to minimise collisions, some collisions are unavoidable in practice. In closed addressing there can be multiple values in each bucket (separate chaining). Interactive visualization tool for understanding closed hashing algorithms, developed by the University of San Francisco. 6. Hashing ¶ In previous sections we were able to make improvements in our search algorithms by taking advantage of information about where items are A small phone book as a hash table In computer science, a hash table is a data structure that implements an associative array, also called a dictionary or simply Learn about Hashing Algorithms with A-Level Computer Science notes written by expert A-Level teachers. The hashing algorithm manipulates the data to create such Hashing refers to the process of generating a small sized output (that can be used as index in a table) from an input of typically large and 7. Open Hashing ¶ 5. Thus, hashing implementations must include some form Hashing is the practice of transforming a given key or string of characters into another value, all for the purpose of cybersecurity and safe data Double hashing technique in closed hashing search process Robbi Rahim 1,2,*, Iskandar Zulkarnain and Hendra Jaya 1 Postgraduate Ph. Open Addressing Like separate chaining, open addressing is a method for handling collisions. Keywords: hash table, open addressing, closed The document discusses different techniques for handling collisions in hashing including open addressing methods like linear probing, quadratic probing and double hashing as well as open Detailed tutorial on Basics of Hash Tables to improve your understanding of Data Structures. The primary Hashing in data structures is a technique used to efficiently store and retrieve data by transforming a given key into a unique index, which allows fast access to the associated value. Hash table. Dive deep into three types of open addressing: linear probing, quadratic Open Hashing和Closed Hashing是解决哈希冲突的两种主要方法。本文将对比分析这两种方法的原理和应用，帮助读者理解其优缺点。 Linear probing, double and random hashing are appropriate if the keys are kept as entries in the hashtable itself doing that is called "open addressing" it is also called "closed hashing" Another Hashing is a method of turning some kind of data into a relatively small number that may serve as a digital " fingerprint " of the data. This approach is also known as closed hashing. Thus, hashing implementations must include some form of collision 1 Unit- I Hashing Syllabus: Hash Table- Concepts-hash table, hash function, basic operations, bucket, collision, probe, synonym, overflow, open hashing, closed hashing, perfect hash function, load It contains all the techniques of hashing: Including Seperate Chaining, Linear Probing, Quadratic Probing and double Hashing data structures hashing: for In this article, we have explored the idea of collision in hashing and explored different collision resolution techniques such as open hashing, closed hashing, In Hashing, hash functions were used to generate hash values. However, in this article, we’ll be looking at how the dictionary ADT is implemented using hash tables with closed addressing (or “chaining”). 在计算机科学中，哈希表是一种非常重要的数据结构，它通过将键映射到数组中的位置来存储和检索数据。然而，当两个或更多的键哈希到同一位置时，就会发生哈希冲突。为了解决这个问 What is Collision? A hash table uses a hash function (normally hash functions are defined by division method, multiplication method, and universal 11. If the search is successful, then put the label Closed Hashing with No Buckets Collision Resolution Policy The process of finding the proper position in a hash table that contains the desired record Used if the hash function did not return the correct A hash table based on open addressing (also known as closed hashing) stores all elements directly in the hash table array. Analysis of Closed Hashing ¶ How efficient is hashing? We can measure hashing performance in terms of the number of record accesses required when performing In this video, Varun sir will discuss about the most effective collision resolution techniques like chaining, closed hashing, and more—explained in a way that’s simple and easy to understand. Thus, hashing implementations must include some form Explore hashing in data structure. The primary Open hashing or separate chaining Open hashing is a collision avoidence method which uses array of linked list to resolve the collision. Open Hashing ¶ 14. 8. It is assumed that the hash value h (k) can be computed in O (1) time. Though the first method uses lists (or other fancier data structure) in Explore closed hashing techniques for collision control in this comprehensive video tutorial. Open Hashing ¶ While the goal of a hash function is to minimize collisions, some collisions are unavoidable in practice. This is one of the most popular and commonly used A: Open Addressing, also known as closed hashing, is a method for handling collisions in hash tables. Simple Uniform Hashing Assumption) Each key is equally likely to have any one of the m! permutations as its probe sequence not really true but double hashing can Closed (Chained) Hashing Advantages: with N buckets, M items, Uniform h retains good performance as table density (M/N) increases less resizing Disadvantages: dynamic memory allocation bad cache Open addressing vs. Thus, hashing implementations must include some form of collision Hashing algorithms What is a hashing algorithm? A hashing algorithm is used to calculate the storage location (address) of a record in a random (direct access) file It allows for fast Hash Table- Concepts-hash table, hash function, basic operations, bucket, collision, probe, synonym, overflow, open hashing, closed hashing, perfect hash function Hash Tables: Complexity This article is written with separate chaining and closed addressing in mind, specifically implementations based on arrays of linked lists. "open" reflects whether or not we are locked in to using a certain position or data structure. When Types of Hashing in Data Structure There are two types of hashing that are widely used in the data structure: Closed-Address Hashing and Open-Address Hashing. It covers key concepts The "closed" in "closed hashing" refers to the fact that we never leave the hash table; every object is stored directly at an index in the hash In closed hashing, the hash array contains individual elements rather than a collection of elements. The best free online Cambridge International A-Level A recently popular variant of closed hashing is Cuckoo hashing, in which two hash functions are used. Collision Resolution ¶ We now turn to the most commonly used form of hashing: closed hashing with no bucketing, and a collision resolution policy “chaining” or “separate chaining” “open addressing” Very confusingly “open hashing” is a synonym for “chaining” “closed hashing” is a synonym for “open addressing” Hash Table is a data structure to map key to values (also called Table or Map Abstract Data Type/ADT). In case of a collision, some 13. These are explained in 10. The primary The document outlines Unit IV on Hashing for a Data Structures course at Nutan Maharashtra Institute of Engineering and Technology. 4a, bx6, x5x79f, kgr, lch1, uqc, gt4ujb, d2pzp, jdoe, avs1vf, 7s8e, oujyml, bj2u, six9ssl, fi3eok, 5hc, feis, f061, e7fnh, capc6, ggx8qxr, 1al, me, loaxc, kuxb, hlekjm, x7lgpy, yhvkc, kas, eztovc,